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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GenX (Prozess)</span></h1>
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<p><b>GenX</b> ist der Markenname einer von <a href="E._I._du_Pont_de_Nemours_and_Company" title="E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company">DuPont</a> (vom <a href="Spin-off_(Unternehmensfinanzierung)" title="Spin-off (Unternehmensfinanzierung)">Ableger</a> <a href="Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a> übernommen) patentierten Technologie zur <a href="Emulsionspolymerisation" title="Emulsionspolymerisation">Emulsionspolymerisation</a> von <a href="Fluorpolymere" title="Fluorpolymere">Fluorpolymeren</a> wie <a href="Polytetrafluorethylen" title="Polytetrafluorethylen">Polytetrafluorethylen</a> (Teflon).<sup id="cite_ref-RIVM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Unternehmen hatte 2009 mit der kommerziellen Entwicklung von GenX als Ersatz des Prozesses mit <a href="Perfluoroctans%C3%A4ure" title="Perfluoroctansäure">Perfluoroctansäure</a> (PFOA, auch bekannt als C8) begonnen,<sup id="cite_ref-C&EN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> da PFOA und verwandte Verbindungen als <a href="Toxizit%C3%A4t" title="Toxizität">giftig</a> und <a href="Karzinogen" title="Karzinogen">krebserregend</a> befunden wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Labortests an Ratten wurde jedoch gezeigt, dass im GenX-Prozess eingesetzten Stoffe viele der gleichen Gesundheitsprobleme verursachen wie PFOA.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In den Medien und in Publikationen werden teilweise vereinfachend die im Prozess verwendeten Stoffe, die <a href="Hexafluorpropylenoxiddimers%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluorpropylenoxiddimersäure">Hexafluorpropylenoxiddimersäure</a> (HFPO-DA) und ihr <a href="Ammoniumsalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammoniumsalz">Ammoniumsalz</a>, als GenX bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RIVM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Durch <a href="Dimerisierung" title="Dimerisierung">Dimerisierung</a> von <a href="Hexafluorpropenoxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluorpropenoxid">Hexafluorpropenoxid</a> entsteht ein <a href="Carbons%C3%A4urefluoride" title="Carbonsäurefluoride">Carbonsäurefluorid</a>, das zu HFPO-DA (FRD-903) hydrolysiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-C&EN_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
HFPO-DA wird durch die Mischung mit einer <a href="Ammoniumhydroxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammoniumhydroxid">Ammoniumhydroxid</a>-Lösung in <a href="Ammonium-2%2C3%2C3%2C3-tetrafluor-2-(heptafluorpropoxy)propanoat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium-2,3,3,3-tetrafluor-2-(heptafluorpropoxy)propanoat">Ammonium-2,3,3,3-tetrafluor-2-(heptafluorpropoxy)propanoat</a> (FRD-902) (sein <a href="Ammoniumsalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammoniumsalz">Ammoniumsalz</a>) umgewandelt.<sup id="cite_ref-C&EN_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RIVM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 C3F6O -> CF3CF2CF2O-CF(CF3)-C(O)F -> C6H4F11NO3}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 C3F6O -> CF3CF2CF2O-CF(CF3)-C(O)F -> C6H4F11NO3}}}</annotation>
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<p>Dabei entsteht durch <a href="Decarboxylierung" title="Decarboxylierung">Decarboxylierung</a> auch <a href="Heptafluorpropyl-1%2C2%2C2%2C2-tetrafluorethylether" title="Heptafluorpropyl-1,2,2,2-tetrafluorethylether">Heptafluorpropyl-1,2,2,2-tetrafluorethylether</a> (E1).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RIVM_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wenn GenX mit Wasser in Kontakt kommt, setzt es die <a href="Ammoniumgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammoniumgruppe">Ammoniumgruppe</a> frei und wird zu HFPO-DA. Da HFPO-DA eine <a href="Starke_S%C3%A4uren" title="Starke Säuren">starke Säure</a> ist, liegt es im Wasser als <a href="Konjugierte_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjugierte Base">konjugierte Base</a> vor, die nachgewiesen werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-C&EN_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei der Herstellung von Polytetrafluorethylen kann auch der hochgiftige Stoff <a href="Perfluorisobuten" title="Perfluorisobuten">Perfluorisobuten</a> gebildet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-RIVM_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Stoffe FRD-903 und E1 werden während des Produktionsprozesses in gasförmiger Form freigesetzt und durch den Schornstein ausgestoßen. FRD-902 und FRD-903 werden auch über die Abwässer der Anlage abgeleitet. Die freigesetzten Stoffe können außerhalb des Werksgeländes eine lokale Boden- und Wasserkontamination verursachen. Da diese Stoffe in der Umwelt sehr <a href="Persistenz_(Chemie)" title="Persistenz (Chemie)">persistent</a> sind, kann dies zu Risiken für die Umwelt, z. B. für das Trinkwasser, führen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hersteller">Hersteller</h2></div>
<p>Die Chemikalien werden von Chemours, <a href="Spin-off_(Unternehmensfinanzierung)" title="Spin-off (Unternehmensfinanzierung)">einem Ableger</a> von DuPont, in <a href="Fayetteville_(North_Carolina)" title="Fayetteville (North Carolina)">Fayetteville, North Carolina</a> sowie in <a href="Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, hergestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemieunfall_am_Cape_Fear_River">Chemieunfall am Cape Fear River</h2></div>
<p>In <a href="North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> setzte das Chemours-Werk in <a href="Fayetteville_(North_Carolina)" title="Fayetteville (North Carolina)">Fayetteville</a> GenX-Verbindungen in den <a href="Cape_Fear_River" title="Cape Fear River">Cape Fear River</a> frei, der eine <a href="Trinkwasserquelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinkwasserquelle">Trinkwasserquelle</a> für das Gebiet um <a href="Wilmington_(North_Carolina)" title="Wilmington (North Carolina)">Wilmington</a> ist. Der <a href="Investigativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigativ">investigative</a> <a href="Dokumentarfilm" title="Dokumentarfilm">Dokumentarfilm</a> <i><a href="The_Devil_We_Know_%E2%80%93_Das_unsichtbare_Gift" title="The Devil We Know – Das unsichtbare Gift">The Devil We Know – Das unsichtbare Gift</a></i>, der Spielfilm <i><a href="Vergiftete_Wahrheit" title="Vergiftete Wahrheit">Vergiftete Wahrheit</a></i> sowie das Sachbuch <i>Exposure: Poisoned Water, Corporate Greed, and One Lawyer's Twenty-Year Battle Against DuPont</i> von <a href="Robert_Bilott" title="Robert Bilott">Robert Bilott</a> thematisierten anschließend dieses Ereignis, was zu einer <a href="Kontroverse" title="Kontroverse">Kontroverse</a> über mögliche gesundheitliche Auswirkungen führte.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (US EPA) gab 2012 die Entdeckung von HFPO-DA im Fluss Cape Fear bekannt<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und hatten bis 2014 weitere 11 <a href="Per-_und_polyfluorierte_Alkylverbindungen" title="Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylverbindungen">per- und polyfluorierte Alkylverbindungen</a> (PFAS) im Fluss entdeckt.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Ergebnisse wurden 2015 als wissenschaftliche Publikation veröffentlicht.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Folgejahr veröffentlichten die <a href="North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> gemeinsam mit der US EPA eine Studie, in der nachgewiesen wurde, dass im <a href="Leitungswasser" title="Leitungswasser">Trinkwasser</a> das aus dem Cape Fear River im Gebiet Wilmington geschöpft wird, HFPO-DA und andere PFAS vorhanden waren.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) wies im September 2017 Chemours an, die Einleitung aller fluorierten Verbindungen in den Fluss zu stoppen. Nach einem <a href="Liste_von_Chemiekatastrophen" title="Liste von Chemiekatastrophen">Chemieunfall</a> einen Monat später verklagte das NCDEQ Chemours wegen Verstoßes gegen die Bestimmungen seiner Abwassereinleitungsgenehmigung (<a href="National_Pollutant_Discharge_Elimination_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System">National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im November 2017 reichte die Regierung des <a href="Brunswick_County_(North_Carolina)" title="Brunswick County (North Carolina)">Brunswick County</a> eine Bundesklage ein, mit der Begründung, dass DuPont es versäumt habe, Forschungsergebnisse zu potenziellen Risiken durch die Chemikalie offenzulegen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Frühjahr 2018 verklagte Cape Fear River Watch Chemours wegen zahlreicher Verstöße gegen den <a href="Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der Zwischenzeit wurden Spuren von GenX in <a href="Bohrung_(Geologie)" title="Bohrung (Geologie)">Kontrollbohrungen</a> rund um eine Anlage von <a href="Miteni" title="Miteni">Miteni, SpA</a>, die Fluoretherabfälle von Chemours in <a href="Trissino_(Venetien)" title="Trissino (Venetien)">Trissino</a>, <a href="Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a>, wiederaufbereitet hatte, gefunden. Die daraus resultierenden Vollzugsmaßnahmen führten zum <a href="Bankrott" title="Bankrott">Bankrott</a> von Miteni.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Herbst 2018 reichte das NCDEQ einen Entwurf einer Zustimmungsverfügung ein, um seine GenX-Untersuchung abzuschließen. Die Anordnung würde Chemours dazu verpflichten, die <a href="Emission_(Umwelt)" title="Emission (Umwelt)">Emissionen</a> von <a href="Luftverschmutzung" title="Luftverschmutzung">Luftverschmutzung</a> und <a href="Wasserverschmutzung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserverschmutzung">Wasserverschmutzung</a> durch GenX und andere Chemikalien zu reduzieren und eine <a href="Strafe#Zivilrecht" title="Strafe">zivilrechtliche Strafe</a> in Höhe von 13 Millionen US-Dollar zu bezahlen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Februar 2019 wies ein <a href="Richter" title="Richter">Richter</a> des <a href="Superior_Court_von_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Court von North Carolina">Superior Court von North Carolina</a> Chemours an, GenX-<a href="Luftemission" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftemission">Luftemissionen</a> zu überwachen, PFAS in <a href="Flusssediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Flusssediment">Flusssedimenten</a> zu <a href="Analysieren" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysieren">analysieren</a> und <a href="Trinkwasserfiltersystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinkwasserfiltersystem">Trinkwasserfiltersysteme</a> bereitzustellen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Jahr 2020 verabschiedete <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> Trinkwasserstandards für 5 zuvor nicht regulierte PFAS-Verbindungen, darunter HFPO-DA, mit einem <span lang="en"><a href="Maximum_Contaminant_Level" title="Maximum Contaminant Level">Maximum Contaminant Level</a></span> (MCL; dt.: Maximaler Verschmutzungsgrad) von 370 ng/l.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roanoke_River">Roanoke River</h3></div>
<p>Im Jahr 2022 wurde im <a href="Roanoke_River" title="Roanoke River">Roanoke River</a> (<a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>) GenX in Mengen von 1,3 Millionen ng/l (1,3 mg/l) nachgewiesen. Die Kontaminierung konnte zu einer Anlage von ProChem in Elliston, Virginia zurückverfolgt werden. ProChem bietet einen chemischen Waschprozess für Geräten einer Chemours-Anlage in <a href="West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> an.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gesundheitshinweise_zum_Trinkwasser">Gesundheitshinweise zum Trinkwasser</h2></div>
<p>Im Juni 2022 veröffentlichte die US EPA über den Safe Drinking Water Act Trinkwasserrichtwerte für die lebenslange Exposition. Für HFPO-DA wurde ein Wert von 10 ng/l festgelegt.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die US EPA listet empfohlene Schritte, die Verbraucher unternehmen können, um eine mögliche Exposition gegenüber HFPO-DA und andere PFAS zu reduzieren.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2></div>
<p>Die Chemikalie ist Thema eines Dokumentarfilms – <i>GenX: a Chemical Cocktail</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-RIVM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RIVM_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RIVM_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RIVM_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RIVM_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RIVM_1-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Beekman, P. Zweers: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_for_Public_Health_and_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Public Health and the Environment">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</a>. Report 2016-0174, 12. Dezember 2016 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2016-0174.pdf">rivm.nl</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 2. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.au=M.+Beekman%2C+P.+Zweers&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+substances+used+in+the+GenX+technology+by+Chemours%2C+Dordrecht&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.genre=book&rft.volume=Report+2016-0174" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemours.com/en/about-chemours/genx"><i>What is GenX? | Get the Facts.</i></a> Chemours,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 20. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=What+is+GenX%3F+%7C+Get+the+Facts&rft.description=What+is+GenX%3F+%7C+Get+the+Facts&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemours.com%2Fen%2Fabout-chemours%2Fgenx&rft.publisher=Chemours&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-C&EN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-C&EN_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-C&EN_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-C&EN_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-C&EN_3-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Hogue, Cheryl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/96/i7/whats-genx-still-doing-in-the-water-downstream-of-a-chemours-plant.html"><i>What’s GenX still doing in the water downstream of a Chemours plant?</i></a> In: <i><a href="Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a>.</i> <a href="American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS), 12. Februar 2018,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 2. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=What%E2%80%99s+GenX+still+doing+in+the+water+downstream+of+a+Chemours+plant%3F&rft.description=What%E2%80%99s+GenX+still+doing+in+the+water+downstream+of+a+Chemours+plant%3F&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F96%2Fi7%2Fwhats-genx-still-doing-in-the-water-downstream-of-a-chemours-plant.html&rft.creator=Hogue%2C+Cheryl&rft.publisher=%5B%5BAmerican+Chemical+Society%5D%5D+%28ACS%29&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lau2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lau2007_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lau C., Anitole K., Hodes C., Lai D., Pfahles-Hutchens A., Seed J.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings</cite>. In: Society of Toxicology (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Toxicological_Sciences" title="Toxicological Sciences">Toxicological Sciences</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>99</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Oktober 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>366–94</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci%2Fkfm128">10.1093/toxsci/kfm128</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17519394?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17519394</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Perfluoroalkyl+acids%3A+a+review+of+monitoring+and+toxicological+findings&rft.au=Lau+C.%2C+Anitole+K.%2C+Hodes+C.%2C+...&rft.date=2007-10&rft.doi=10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm128&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.pages=366-94&rft.pmid=17519394&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.volume=99" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">JM Caverly Rae, Lisa Craig, Theodore W. Stone, Steven R. Frame, L. William Buxton, Gerald L. Kennedy: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Evaluation of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate in Sprague–Dawley rats</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Toxicology Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>939–949</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.001">10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.001</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28962433?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28962433</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5598527/">PMC 5598527</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+chronic+toxicity+and+carcinogenicity+of+ammonium+2%2C3%2C3%2C3-tetrafluoro-2-%28heptafluoropropoxy%29-propanoate+in+Sprague-Dawley+rats&rft.au=JM+Caverly+Rae%2C+Lisa+Craig%2C+Theodore+W.+Stone%2C+...&rft.btitle=Toxicology+Reports&rft.date=2015&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2015.06.001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=939-949&rft.pmc=5598527&rft.pmid=28962433&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Sharon Lerner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2016/03/03/new-teflon-toxin-causes-cancer-in-lab-animals/"><i>New Teflon Toxin Causes Cancer in Lab Animals.</i></a> In: <i><a href="The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>.</i> 3. März 2016,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 3. Februar 2023</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=New+Teflon+Toxin+Causes+Cancer+in+Lab+Animals&rft.description=New+Teflon+Toxin+Causes+Cancer+in+Lab+Animals&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2016%2F03%2F03%2Fnew-teflon-toxin-causes-cancer-in-lab-animals%2F&rft.creator=Sharon+Lerner&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.language=en-US"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemours.com/en/about-chemours/global-reach/fayetteville-works/fayetteville-works-toxicology"><i>C3 Dimer Acid and PFAS.</i></a> Chemours,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 2. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=C3+Dimer+Acid+and+PFAS&rft.description=C3+Dimer+Acid+and+PFAS&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemours.com%2Fen%2Fabout-chemours%2Fglobal-reach%2Ffayetteville-works%2Ffayetteville-works-toxicology&rft.publisher=Chemours&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janssen: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Brief gedeputeerde Janssen en beantwoording vragen BenW Sliedrecht over historische PFOA-emissies Chemours voorheen Dupont de Nemours bijlagen nazending 2</cite>. Hrsg.: Omgevingsdienst Zuid-Holland Zuid. 9. Februar 2016 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822033049/https://www.ozhz.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/2016-02-09_Brief_gedeputeerde_Janssen_en_beantwoording_vragen_BenW_Sliedrecht_over_historische_PFOA-emissies_Chemours_voorheen_Dupont_de_Nemours_bijlagen__nazending_2_.pdf">archive.org</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 3. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.au=Janssen&rft.btitle=Brief+gedeputeerde+Janssen+en+beantwoording+vragen+BenW+Sliedrecht+over+historische+PFOA-emissies+Chemours+voorheen+Dupont+de+Nemours+bijlagen+nazending+2&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah K. Liberatore, Stephen R. Jackson, Mark J. Strynar, James P. McCord: <cite style="font-style:italic">Solvent Suitability for HFPO-DA (“GenX” Parent Acid) in Toxicological Studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Environmental_Science_%26_Technology_Letters" title="Environmental Science & Technology Letters">Environmental Science & Technology Letters</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>477–481</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00323">10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00323</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32944590?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32944590</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Solvent+Suitability+for+HFPO-DA+%28%E2%80%9CGenX%E2%80%9D+Parent+Acid%29+in+Toxicological+Studies&rft.au=Hannah+K.+Liberatore%2C+Stephen+R.+Jackson%2C+Mark+J.+Strynar%2C+...&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.estlett.0c00323&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology+Letters&rft.pages=477-481&rft.pmid=32944590&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">GenX Frequently Asked Questions</cite>. In: North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">GenX Investigation</cite>. Raleigh 15. Februar 2018 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/SAB/FAQ_updated_021518.pdf">nc.gov</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 2. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=GenX+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.btitle=GenX+Investigation&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Raleigh" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">N.C. drinking water tainted with chemical byproduct for decades?</cite> In: <a href="CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a> Inc (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></cite>. 26. Juni 2017 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wilmington-nc-cape-fear-river-water-tainted-genx-dupont-chemours/">cbsnews.com</a> [abgerufen am 7. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=N.C.+drinking+water+tainted+with+chemical+byproduct+for+decades%3F&rft.btitle=CBS+News&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark J. Strynar, Sonia Dagnino, Andrew Dagnino, Eric Andersen, Larry Mcmillan, Michael Thurman, Imma Ferrer, Carol Ball: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Identification of novel polyfluorinated compounds in natural waters using accurate mass TOFMS</cite>. In: <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Society_of_Environmental_Toxicology_and_Chemistry" title="Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry">SETAC</a></cite>. <a href="Long_Beach_(Kalifornien)" title="Long Beach (Kalifornien)">Long Beach</a> 2012 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358128921">researchgate.net</a> [abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Identification+of+novel+polyfluorinated+compounds+in+natural+waters+using+accurate+mass+TOFMS&rft.au=Mark+J.+Strynar%2C+Sonia+Dagnino%2C+Andrew+Dagnino%2C+...&rft.btitle=SETAC&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Long+Beach" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark J. Strynar, Rebecca McMahen, Shuang McMahen, Sonia Dagnino, Andrew Lindstrom, Erik Andersen, Larry McMillan, Michael Thurman, Imma Ferrer, Carol Ball: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Determination of perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) and sulfonic acids (PFESAs) in North Carolina surface water using high resolution mass spectrometry</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">SETAC</cite>. Researchgate, <a href="Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> November 2014 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358128738">researchgate.net</a> [abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Determination+of+perfluoroalkyl+ether+carboxylic+acids+%28PFECAs%29+and+sulfonic+acids+%28PFESAs%29+in+North+Carolina+surface+water+using+high+resolution+mass+spectrometry&rft.au=Mark+J.+Strynar%2C+Rebecca+McMahen%2C+Shuang+McMahen%2C+...&rft.btitle=SETAC&rft.date=2014-11&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Researchgate" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James McCord, Mark Strynar: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Cape Fear River by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontargeted Screening</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>53</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 7. Mai 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4717–4727</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06017">10.1021/acs.est.8b06017</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30993978?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30993978</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478245/">PMC 7478245</a> (freier Volltext), <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.4717M">2019EnST...53.4717M</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Per-+and+Polyfluoroalkyl+Substances+in+the+Cape+Fear+River+by+High+Resolution+Mass+Spectrometry+and+Nontargeted+Screening&rft.au=James+McCord%2C+Mark+Strynar&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.est.8b06017&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.pages=4717-4727&rft.pmc=7478245&rft.pmid=30993978&rft.volume=53" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mei Sun, Elisa Arevalo, Mark Strynar, Andrew Lindstrom, Michael Richardson, Ben Kearns, Adam Pickett, Chris Smith, Detlef R. U. Knappe: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances Are Important Drinking Water Contaminants in the Cape Fear River Watershed of North Carolina</cite>. In: American Chemical Society (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Environmental Science & Technology Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>. ACS Publications, 13. Dezember 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>415–419</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00398">10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00398</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Legacy+and+Emerging+Perfluoroalkyl+Substances+Are+Important+Drinking+Water+Contaminants+in+the+Cape+Fear+River+Watershed+of+North+Carolina&rft.au=Mei+Sun%2C+Elisa+Arevalo%2C+Mark+Strynar%2C+...&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.estlett.6b00398&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology+Letters&rft.pages=415-419&rft.pub=ACS+Publications&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224080952/https://deq.nc.gov/news/hot-topics/genx-investigation/genx-timeline"><i>GenX Timeline.</i></a> NCDEQ, 11. Juni 2018, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdeq.nc.gov%2Fnews%2Fhot-topics%2Fgenx-investigation%2Fgenx-timeline">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">24. Dezember 2018</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 14. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=GenX+Timeline&rft.description=GenX+Timeline&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181224080952%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fdeq.nc.gov%2Fnews%2Fhot-topics%2Fgenx-investigation%2Fgenx-timeline&rft.publisher=NCDEQ&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.source=https://deq.nc.gov/news/hot-topics/genx-investigation/genx-timeline&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Catherine Clabby: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2017/11/02/newest-genx-lawsuit-attacks-dupont-science/"><i>Newest GenX Lawsuit Attacks DuPont Science.</i></a> North Carolina Health News, 2. November 2017,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 14. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Newest+GenX+Lawsuit+Attacks+DuPont+Science&rft.description=Newest+GenX+Lawsuit+Attacks+DuPont+Science&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcarolinahealthnews.org%2F2017%2F11%2F02%2Fnewest-genx-lawsuit-attacks-dupont-science%2F&rft.creator=Catherine+Clabby&rft.publisher=North+Carolina+Health+News&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">John Wolfe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfasproject.com/2018/05/16/cape-fear-river-watch-to-file-suit-against-chemours/"><i>Cape Fear River Watch to file suit against Chemours.</i></a> In: <i>The PFAS Project Lab.</i> Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute an der <a href="Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, 16. Mai 2018,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Cape+Fear+River+Watch+to+file+suit+against+Chemours&rft.description=Cape+Fear+River+Watch+to+file+suit+against+Chemours&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpfasproject.com%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fcape-fear-river-watch-to-file-suit-against-chemours%2F&rft.creator=John+Wolfe&rft.publisher=Social+Science+Environmental+Health+Research+Institute+an+der+%5B%5BNortheastern+University%5D%5D&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheryl Hogue: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Imports of used PFAS into US scrutinized</cite>. In: American Chemical Society (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>97</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 3. März 2019 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/environment/persistent-pollutants/Imports-used-PFAS-US-scrutinized/97/i9">acs.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.atitle=Imports+of+used+PFAS+into+US+scrutinized&rft.au=Cheryl+Hogue&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.volume=97" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NCDEQ (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Consert Order (draft): North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality v. The Chemours Company</cite>. 21. November 2018, <a href="Bladen_County" title="Bladen County">Bladen County</a>, <a href="North_Carolina_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Superior Court">North Carolina Superior Court</a> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/Consent-order-11212018.pdf">nc.gov</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.btitle=Consert+Order+%28draft%29%3A+North+Carolina+Department+of+Environmental+Quality+v.+The+Chemours+Company&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wect.com/2019/02/25/court-approves-order-stop-pfas-entering-cape-fear-river/"><i>Court approves order to stop PFAS from entering Cape Fear River.</i></a> In: <i>WECT News 6.</i> Gray Television, 26. Februar 2019,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Court+approves+order+to+stop+PFAS+from+entering+Cape+Fear+River&rft.description=Court+approves+order+to+stop+PFAS+from+entering+Cape+Fear+River&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wect.com%2F2019%2F02%2F25%2Fcourt-approves-order-stop-pfas-entering-cape-fear-river%2F&rft.publisher=Gray+Television&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Keith Matheny: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/08/03/tougher-pfas-standards-drinking-water-michigan/5574268002/"><i>Michigan's drinking water standards for these chemicals now among toughest in nation.</i></a> In: <i>Detroit Free Press.</i> <a href="Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>, 3. August 2020,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Michigan%27s+drinking+water+standards+for+these+chemicals+now+among+toughest+in+nation&rft.description=Michigan%27s+drinking+water+standards+for+these+chemicals+now+among+toughest+in+nation&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2020%2F08%2F03%2Ftougher-pfas-standards-drinking-water-michigan%2F5574268002%2F&rft.creator=Keith+Matheny&rft.publisher=%5B%5BGannett%5D%5D&rft.date=2020-08-03"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103083526/https://www.michigan.gov/egle/0,9429,7-135--535602--,00.html"><i>New state drinking water standards pave way for expansion of Michigan's PFAS clean-up efforts.</i></a> Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, 3. August 2020, archiviert vom <span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fegle%2F0%2C9429%2C7-135--535602--%2C00.html">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">3. Januar 2022</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=New+state+drinking+water+standards+pave+way+for+expansion+of+Michigan%27s+PFAS+clean-up+efforts&rft.description=New+state+drinking+water+standards+pave+way+for+expansion+of+Michigan%27s+PFAS+clean-up+efforts&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220103083526%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fegle%2F0%2C9429%2C7-135--535602--%2C00.html&rft.publisher=Michigan+Department+of+Environment%2C+Great+Lakes%2C+and+Energy&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft.source=https://www.michigan.gov/egle/0,9429,7-135--535602--,00.html&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Laurence Hammack: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roanoke.com/news/local/source-of-forever-chemical-in-the-roanoke-river-traced-to-elliston-plant/article_e7953262-613e-11ed-baad-bb83787f5da8.html"><i>Source of 'forever chemical' in the Roanoke River traced to Elliston plant.</i></a> In: <i>Roanoke Times.</i> Lee Enterprises, 10. November 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Source+of+%27forever+chemical%27+in+the+Roanoke+River+traced+to+Elliston+plant&rft.description=Source+of+%27forever+chemical%27+in+the+Roanoke+River+traced+to+Elliston+plant&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Froanoke.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsource-of-forever-chemical-in-the-roanoke-river-traced-to-elliston-plant%2Farticle_e7953262-613e-11ed-baad-bb83787f5da8.html&rft.creator=Laurence+Hammack&rft.publisher=Lee+Enterprises&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-new-drinking-water-health-advisories-pfas-chemicals-1-billion-bipartisan"><i>EPA Announces New Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFAS Chemicals, $1 Billion in Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Funding to Strengthen Health Protections.</i></a> EPA, 15. Juni 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=EPA+Announces+New+Drinking+Water+Health+Advisories+for+PFAS+Chemicals%2C+%241+Billion+in+Bipartisan+Infrastructure+Law+Funding+to+Strengthen+Health+Protections&rft.description=EPA+Announces+New+Drinking+Water+Health+Advisories+for+PFAS+Chemicals%2C+%241+Billion+in+Bipartisan+Infrastructure+Law+Funding+to+Strengthen+Health+Protections&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnewsreleases%2Fepa-announces-new-drinking-water-health-advisories-pfas-chemicals-1-billion-bipartisan&rft.publisher=EPA&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/drinking-water-health-advisories-has"><i>Drinking Water Health Advisories.</i></a> EPA, 15. Juni 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Drinking+Water+Health+Advisories&rft.description=Drinking+Water+Health+Advisories&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsdwa%2Fdrinking-water-health-advisories-has&rft.publisher=EPA&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/pfas/meaningful-and-achievable-steps-you-can-take-reduce-your-risk"><i>Meaningful and Achievable Steps You Can Take to Reduce Your Risk.</i></a> EPA, 18. August 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. Februar 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=Meaningful+and+Achievable+Steps+You+Can+Take+to+Reduce+Your+Risk&rft.description=Meaningful+and+Achievable+Steps+You+Can+Take+to+Reduce+Your+Risk&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fpfas%2Fmeaningful-and-achievable-steps-you-can-take-reduce-your-risk&rft.publisher=EPA&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8229512/"><i>GenX: a Chemical Cocktail.</i></a> IMDB,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 20. Juli 2020</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=GenX%3A+a+Chemical+Cocktail&rft.description=GenX%3A+a+Chemical+Cocktail&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt8229512%2F&rft.publisher=IMDB"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genxthefilm.org/home"><i>GenX: A Chemical Cocktail.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 20. Juli 2020</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGenX+%28Prozess%29&rft.title=GenX%3A+A+Chemical+Cocktail&rft.description=GenX%3A+A+Chemical+Cocktail&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genxthefilm.org%2Fhome&rft.language=en-US"> </span></span>
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